A framework for understanding physical ecosystem engineering by organisms

While well-recognized as an important kind of ecological interaction, physical ecosystem engineering by organisms is diverse with varied consequences, presenting challenges for developing and using general understanding. Th ere is also still some uncertainty as to what it is, and some skepticism that the diversity of engineering and its eff ects is amenable to conceptual integration and general understanding. What then, are the key cause/eff ect relationships and what underlies them? Here we develop, enrich and extend our extant understanding of physical ecosystem engineering into an integrated framework that exposes the essential cause/eff ect relationships, their underpinnings, and the interconnections that need to be understood to explain or predict engineering eff ects. Th e framework has four cause/eff ect relationships linking four components: 1. An engineer causes structural change; 2. Structural change causes abiotic change; 3. Structural and abiotic change cause biotic change; 4. Structural, abiotic and biotic change can feedback to the engineer. Th e fi rst two relationships describe an ecosystem engineering process and abiotic dynamics, while the second two describe biotic consequence for other species and the engineer. Th e four relationships can be parameterized and linked using time-indexed equations that describe engineered system dynamics. After describing the relationships we discuss the utility of the framework; how it might be enriched; and briefl y how it can be used to identify intersections of ecosystem engineering with fi elds outside ecology.